The Actiris program is a public service, the Belgium Regional Employment Office, which guarantees job-seekers a placement with an employer (1). The program includes a variety of wrap-around services including language classes, training, and direct matching with private and public sector employers.

The Aktion 20,000 program was a response to the long term unemployment of Austrians 50 years and older (in 2016, some 50,000 people were identified in this category) (1). The goal was to directly create 20,000 jobs for this group, improve quality of life, and interrupt the cycle of long-term unemployment. Elements of the program were continued after 2019 on a smaller scale to provide employment for long-term unemployed over 50 (2).

The Aktion Zukunft Jugend is a subsidiary program of the Austrian Public Employment Service (AMS) and the Austrian Youth Guarantee. It is focused on young people’s economic development, specifically (re-)training and employment matching. The program provides a safety net and helps guide young people toward socially and economically important professions.

Baltimore Corps administers several jobs, education, grant, and lending programs for Baltimore, MD residents. As of April 2023, the flagship programs are Place for Purpose, Community Health Pathways, and the Baltimore Corps Fellowship. In 2022, the program expanded and became a part of CityCorps (program website), a national effort supported and led by Baltimore Corps. Birmingham Corps was inspired by the program.

Birmingham Corps began in response to the COVID-19 crisis. A central aspect of the program provided participants with paid service learning. Participants worked in roles including: Covid-19 screening, making school lunches to be distributed to children, and supporting testing sites. In 2022, the program expanded and became a part of CityCorps, a national effort supported and led by Baltimore Corps. Birmingham Corps was inspired by the program.

City Corps is a national effort to share the multi-sector service, training, social enterprise support, and jobs program model first implemented by Baltimore Corps in Maryland, USA. The program aims to provide “tools, resources, professional development, curriculum, technical assistance, funding and other investments to partners in emerging cities operating or starting fellowship training programs, internships, and apprenticeships,” (1). As of April 2023, the program is active in Baltimore, MD and Birmingham, AL (2).

Community Employment (CE) is designed to help people who are long-term unemployed (or otherwise disadvantaged) to get back to work by offering placements in jobs based within local communities (2). Participants receive wages that are equivalent to their social welfare entitlement. CE is a transitional, part-time work programme of 19.5 hours per week, typically over a twelve-month period. It combines real work in community organizations with personalized professional development (3).

CETA aggregated numerous post-New Deal federal workforce training, education, private and public sector job payments to support hiring, support services, and public service employment programs which existed prior to 1973 under one program. The programs included various forms of public service employment: youth summer jobs programs, on-the-job training, emergency employment programs. Types of work varied substantially by jurisdiction, from local government service occupations (lawyers to custodians) to professions in the arts.

In response to the record levels of unemployment brought on by the COVID-19 recession and the looming threat of climate change, the Economic Sustainability Plan (NESP) sought to support payroll of existing jobs and reintegrate laid off workers and informal sector workers into the labor force through public service employment.

This program targets the poorest, rural households in Bangladesh to provide employment during the off-season and develop community infrastructure and assets. Poor rural households are especially sensitive to changes in the prices of food and fuel - and price volatility is only expected to increase with climatic changes. The work projects are mostly basic infrastructure to mitigate disaster risk.

In response to drought, famine, and poverty in the 1970s, the Maharashtra state government created a guaranteed employment program for adults in rural towns and villages to build infrastructure that improves community resilience to economic and environmental challenges. The work is demand-driven and has to be provided within 15 days of an application, a feature that NREGA later incorporated. Work has to be provided for between 15 to 30 days at a time (2).

The program began as industrial policy with “mechanisms for crisis management, improvement of the efficiency of labor market regulation, the involvement of the poor, unemployed, and self-employed persons with disabilities into active promotion of employment,” (1). The program has gone through several iterations and was most recently expanded in 2020 to respond to the COVID 19 pandemic and its effects on the labor market.